Sudden halt in the administration of corticosteroid medications can result in a rapid fall in the body’s natural level of corticosteroids and provoke potentially lethal Addisonian crisis. Adrenal insufficiency in which the adrenal cortex produces inadequate amounts of corticosteroids is known as Addison’s disease, and it is caused by an autoimmune disorder, by infections (mostly tuberculosis) or by metastatic cancers. On the other hand, insufficient production of the adrenal hormones is known as primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency. Similar conditions are hyperaldosteronism that is caused by overproduction of aldosterone (most often by a functioning tumor), virilization caused by the overproduction of adrenal androgens, as well as pheochromocytomas caused by the functioning tumors of the adrenal medulla that produce excess quantities of epinephrine and norepinephrine. This condition can also develop due to the long-term treatment with corticosteroid medication such as prednisone. Overproduction of cortisol is an established condition known as Cushing’s syndrome that stems from the aforementioned functioning tumor, but also from overstimulation of the adrenal gland from excess pituitary hormones. If the tumor itself hyper-produces hormones, it is usually known as functioning tumor. Symptoms are usually caused by the growing tumor pressing on surrounding organs, but also affecting the normal production of adrenal hormones.

They arise due to presumptive genetic mutations and can occur at any age, although they are more frequently observed in older individuals. Causes and Main Types of Adrenal DisordersĪmong the main causes of adrenal disorders are benign tumors known as adrenal adenomas. On the other hand, epinephrine and norepinephrine play a pivotal role in the organism’s immediate reaction to stress. Aldosterone aids in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels, whereas androgens influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Human endocrine system - Image Copyright: Designua / ShutterstockĬortisol has an indispensable role in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, preserving the adequate functioning of the immune system, but it also helps the body to cope with stress.

Adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and are composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, which produce different types of hormones.

Signs of adrenal gland problems